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Old English Verbs A verb conjugation reference

A running record of additions and changes to the site, most recent first.

13 Jul 2026
New verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 21–25, and engine fixes
  • Added 61 verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 21 through 25, including iernan, tēon, ġebiddan, oþstandan, ġemunan, āgān, styrian, bewerian, and others
  • Fixed prefixed weak verbs incorrectly receiving an additional ġe- on their past participles — corrects 11 verbs including āflīeman, āsettan, forbærnan, ācwellan, and ūtian
  • Fixed styrian and bewerian misclassified as Weak II — both are light-stem -rian verbs like ġebyrian and needed the same manual treatment
  • Fixed tēon missing its contracted present tense (tīehþ, not the regular-pattern tīenþ), matching the already-correct ātēon
  • Fixed several dental-assimilation and consonant-gemination irregularities in new verbs' past tense and past participles (ġeswenċan, ġemētan, ġesǣlan, ġestillan, mǣtan, ċierran, ēhtan, ōleċċan)
  • Fixed ġebiddan's 2nd/3rd person present indicative, where i-mutation was corrupting the ġe- prefix itself (ġibitst) instead of mutating only the root vowel (ġebitst)
  • Fixed missing macrons on berēafian and ġesǣlan
  • Added a classOverride field for verbs whose class can't be inferred automatically, such as double-prefix compounds like forþġewītan, and a new Class IIIa ablaut row for the iernan-type breaking pattern
13 Jul 2026
New verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 17–20, and small quality-of-life improvements
  • Added 49 verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 17 through 20, including āgan, slēan, besēon, wiþstandan, beġietan, ġeċēosan, ācwellan, weaxan, and others
  • Small quality-of-life improvements
4 Jul 2026
New verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 13–16, and engine fixes
  • Added 54 verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 13 through 16, including būgan, ġieldan, stæppan, behealdan, ġedōn, ætbreġdan, betǣċan, underfōn, and others
  • Fixed i-mutation incorrectly applying to the prefix instead of the root on be- prefixed strong verbs (e.g. becuman → becymþ, not bicumþ; also bedelfan, beswingan)
  • Fixed ċġ-final stems missing epenthesis in the imperative singular (e.g. byċġan → byġe, not byċġ; also āleċġan)
  • Added three Class IIIb ablaut rows and one Class VI row, covering the helpan/bedelfan, ġieldan, murnan, and stæppan verb types
  • Added per-verb overrides for a few verbs with morphological exceptions the engine can't infer automatically (stæppan, ætbreġdan, ġebyrian, sprenġan)
4 Jul 2026
Diacritic-insensitive search
  • Verb search is now diacritic-insensitive — e.g. searching leogan now matches lēogan
2 Jul 2026
New verbs from Chapters 11 & 12, dental suffix voicing, and past participle fixes
  • Added 30 verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 11 and 12, including lǣtan, brūcan, forbēodan, ārīsan, forġiefan, understandan, ofslēan, lēogan, ġenēalǣċan, hlystan, and others
  • Fixed weak 1 dental suffix voicing: stem-final f and þ now correctly take -de rather than -te (ġelīefde, ġecȳþde), since these fricatives were voiced between voiced sounds
  • Fixed stem-final -st absorbing the 2nd person singular -st ending (hlystan → þū hlyst)
  • Fixed prefixed verbs incorrectly receiving an additional ġe- on their past participles — corrects 22 verbs across strong and weak classes, including forlǣten, becumen, onġieten, and ġelīcod
  • Added æt- and of- to prefix detection, and Class VI ablaut rows for the wadan and contracted slēan patterns
  • Added ofslēan with a fully specified irregular paradigm (h-loss contraction)
18 Jun 2026
New verbs from Chapters 9 & 10, engine fixes, and CI improvements
  • Added 25 verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 9 and 10, including healdan, libban, beswīcan, becuman, beswingan, drincan, forlǣtan, forġietan, bringan, durran, and others
  • Fixed strong verb class inference for be- prefixed verbs (becuman, beswīcan, beswingan) via a new verbPrefix field in the data
  • Fixed sidebar class badge not passing verb object to inferClass, causing be- prefixed verbs to show Strong unknown
  • Added pytest check that all strong verbs resolve to a known ablaut class, catching future inference failures at CI time
5 Jun 2026
Automated regression tests and CI pipeline
  • Added snapshot regression tests covering all 97 verb conjugations (so far) — any change to the engine that alters a conjugated form will now be caught automatically
  • Added GitHub Actions workflow to run the full test suite on every pull request to main
  • Added Python schema validation for verbs.json, checking for duplicate entries, malformed sources, dangling references, and Unicode consistency
5 Jun 2026
New verbs from Chapters 7 & 8, engine fixes, and UI improvements
  • Added 21 verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 7 and 8, including stīgan, wēpan, flēon, frēosan, hweorfan, standan, āberan, ātēon, beċīepan, byċġan, sellan, þynċan, and others
  • Fixed conjugation engine: voiceless consonant past stems now correctly take -te (e.g. beċīepan → beċīepte), and -ld/-nd/-rd past stems take bare -e (e.g. sellan → sealde)
  • Fixed i-mutation applying incorrectly to prefixed strong verbs (e.g. āberan)
  • Fixed ċġ cluster simplification to ġ before consonantal endings (e.g. byċġan → byġþ)
  • Fixed ġe- prefix suppression on be- prefixed weak verbs in past participle
  • Added related verb tags on verb cards, linking to prefixed or otherwise related forms
  • Fixed verb class badge showing Weak 1/2 instead of Weak I/II
3 Jun 2026
Add verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 5 & 6
  • Added 17 verbs from Chapters 5 and 6, including gān, dōn, onġietan, onġinnan, ġesċieppan, nytan, and others
  • Fixed strong verb class inference for prefixed verbs (on-, onġ-) and ie-stem Class VI verbs
31 May 2026
Conjugation accuracy improvements
  • Fixed a number of incorrect verb forms across strong and weak verb classes, identified by systematic comparison against Wiktionary and the Ōsweald Bera workbook
  • Fixed many of the collision rules in the verb conjugation engine
29 May 2026
Rule-based conjugation engine and new Rules page
  • Added a Rules page explaining how Old English verb forms are mechanically derived from principal parts, with worked examples and syntax-highlighted code snippets in Python and JavaScript
  • Verb conjugation tables are now generated programmatically at runtime from a small set of inputs, rather than stored manually — strong verbs need only their four principal parts, weak verbs only their infinitive
  • Verb class (Strong IV, Weak 1 etc.) is now inferred automatically from the ablaut pattern rather than stored explicitly
  • Renamed Grammar page (formerly Basics)
  • Syntax highlighting added to all code blocks on the Rules page
  • Added verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapters 2, 3, & 4
28 May 2026
Add verbs from Ōsweald Bera Chapter I
  • Added ġehieran, ġewītan, ġeseon, reċċan, wunian,
  • Added sources tags on verb cards
  • Standardized presentation of weak verb patterns on verb cards
28 May 2026
Initial site setup and starter verbs
  • Five-page structure: landing page, verb conjugation reference, grammar basics reference, about page, and changelog
  • 12 starter verbs covering Strong classes I–VII, Weak classes I–II, bēon (irregular, with dual eom- and bēo- paradigms), and wītan (preterite-present)
  • Full conjugation display: present and past indicative, present and past subjunctive, non-finite forms, and imperative
  • Live search filtering the verb sidebar by Old English headword or English gloss
  • Shared parchment design with WIP banner, site header, navigation, and footer